One Nation Under God

How Corporate America Invented Christian America

Kevin M. Kruse

20 min read
1m 5s intro

Brief summary

One Nation Under God argues that the concept of America as a “Christian nation” is not an ancient tradition but a modern political invention. It traces how corporate leaders and conservative clergy partnered in the 1930s to promote a free-market ideology under the guise of religious faith.

Who it's for

This book is for anyone interested in the historical intersection of American politics, corporate interests, and religious rhetoric.

One Nation Under God

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Introduction: How America Became a Christian Nation

Dwight D. Eisenhower’s 1953 inauguration was less a political ceremony and more a religious consecration. He did not just take an oath, but instead led the nation in prayer and turned spirituality into a public spectacle. This event marked the beginning of a revolution that fundamentally redefined the American identity. Within a few years, the phrase under God was added to the Pledge of Allegiance, and In God We Trust became the official national motto.

Many people assume these religious markers were a simple response to the Cold War. They believe leaders wanted to distinguish a pious America from godless Soviet communism. While that international conflict played a role, the true roots of this movement were domestic and much older. The push for a Christian nation actually began in the 1930s as a weapon against Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal policies.

Corporate leaders and wealthy industrialists felt deeply threatened by government regulation and labor unions. To fight back against these economic changes, they partnered with conservative clergy to promote a new ideology called "Christian libertarianism." This vision linked faith, individual freedom, and the free market into one inseparable package. They argued that the state was a threat to divine order and that true Christianity required a completely hands-off approach to business.

By the time Eisenhower took office, this corporate-funded campaign had already laid the necessary groundwork. With the help of advertising agencies and Hollywood studios, the message that America was a religious nation reached every corner of the country. Church membership skyrocketed from less than half the population to nearly seventy percent in just two decades. This massive cultural shift transformed how Americans viewed their own history and civic duties.

Surprisingly, this massive change met almost no resistance from the general public. Politicians from both major parties eagerly embraced the new piety to prove their patriotism to voters. Even civil liberties groups and the Supreme Court viewed these changes as harmless traditions rather than constitutional violations. This brief moment of consensus successfully rewrote the national story, leaving a legacy that remains etched in our laws and our wallets today.

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About the author

Kevin M. Kruse

Kevin M. Kruse is a Professor of History at Princeton University specializing in the political, social, and urban history of 20th-century America. His research focuses on the making of modern conservatism and conflicts over race, rights, and religion in the United States. A prominent public historian, Kruse also provides historical context for contemporary political events.

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